According to Islamic tradition, approximately four thousand years ago, the valley of Mecca (in what is now Saudi Arabia) was a dry, rocky and uninhabited place. Abraham was instructed to bring his Egyptian wife Hajar and Ishmael, his only child at the time, to Arabia from the land of Canaan by God's command.
As Abraham was preparing for his return journey back to Canaan, Hajar asked him, "Did God
order you to leave us here? Or are you leaving us here to die?" Abraham
turned around to face his wife. He was so sad that he couldn't say
anything. He pointed to the sky showing that God commanded him to do so.
Hajar said, "Then God will not waste us; you can go". Though Abraham
had left a large quantity of food and water with Hajar and Ishmael, the
supplies quickly ran out, and within a few days the two began to feel
the pangs of hunger and dehydration.
Hajar ran up and down between two hills called Al-Safa and Al-Marwah
seven times, in her desperate quest for water. Exhausted, she finally
collapsed beside her baby Ishmael and prayed to God for deliverance.
Miraculously, a spring of water gushed forth from the earth at the feet
of baby Ishmael. Other accounts have the angel Gabriel striking the earth and causing the spring to flow in abundance. With this secure water supply, known as the Zamzam Well,
they were not only able to provide for their own needs, but were also
able to trade water with passing nomads for food and supplies.
Years later, Abraham was instructed by God to return from Canaan to
build a place of worship adjacent to Hajar's well (the Zamzam Well).
Abraham and Ishmael constructed a stone and mortar structure —known as
the Kaaba—
which was to be the gathering place for all who wished to strengthen
their faith in God. As the years passed, Ishmael was blessed with Prophethood (Nubuwwah)
and gave the nomads of the desert his message of submission to God.
After many centuries, Mecca became a thriving desert city and a major
center for trade, thanks to its reliable water source, the well of
Zamzam.
One of the main trials of Abraham's life was to face the command of
God to devote his dearest possession, his only son. Upon hearing this
command, he prepared to submit to God's will. During this preparation, Satan tempted Abraham and his family by trying to dissuade them from carrying
out God's commandment, and Ibrahim drove Satan away by throwing pebbles
at him. In commemoration of their rejection of Satan, stones are thrown
at symbolic pillars signifying Satan during the Hajj rites.
When Ishmael was about 13 (Abraham being 99), God
decided to test their faith in public. Abraham had a recurring dream,
in which God was commanding him to offer his son as a sacrifice – an
unimaginable act – sacrificing his son, which God had granted him after
many years of deep prayer. Abraham knew that the dreams of the prophets
were divinely inspired, and one of the ways in which God communicated
with his prophets. When the intent of the dreams became clear to him,
Abraham decided to fulfill God's command and offer Ishmael for
sacrifice.
Although Abraham was ready to sacrifice his dearest for God's sake,
he could not just go and drag his son to the place of sacrifice without
his consent. Ishmael had to be consulted as to whether he was willing to
give up his life as fulfillment to God's command. This consultation
would be a major test of Ishmael's maturity in faith, love and
commitment for God, willingness to obey his father and sacrifice his own
life for the sake of God.
Abraham presented the matter to his son and asked for his opinion
about the dreams of slaughtering him. Ishmael did not show any
hesitation or reservation even for a moment. He said, "Father, do what
you have been commanded. You will find me, Insha'Allah
(God willing), to be very patient." His mature response, his deep
insight into the nature of his father’s dreams, his commitment to God,
and ultimately his willingness to sacrifice his own life for the sake of
God were all unprecedented.
Abraham could not bear to watch his son die so he covered his eyes by
a blindfold. When he cut Ishmael's throat and removed the blindfold, he
was astonished to see that Ishmael was unharmed and instead, he found a
dead ram which was slaughtered. Abraham had passed the test by his willingness to carry out God's command.
This is mentioned in the Qur'an as follows:
"O my Lord! Grant me a righteous (son)!" So We gave him the good
news of a boy, possessing forbearance. And when (his son) was old enough
to walk and work with him, (Abraham) said: O my dear son, I see in
vision that I offer you in sacrifice: Now see what is your view!" (The
son) said: "O my father! Do what you are commanded; if Allah wills, you
will find me one practising patience and steadfastness!" So when they
both submitted and he threw him down upon his forehead, We called out to
him saying: O Ibraheem! You have indeed fulfilled the vision; surely
thus do We reward those who do good. Most surely this was a manifest
trial. And We ransomed him with a momentous sacrifice. And We
perpetuated (praise) to him among the later generations. "Peace and
salutation to Abraham!" Thus indeed do We reward those who do right.
Surely he was one of Our believing servants.
As a reward for this sacrifice, God then granted Abraham the good news of the birth of his second son, Is-haaq (Isaac):
And We gave him the good news of Is-haaq, a prophet from among the righteous.
Abraham had shown that his love for God superseded all others: that
he would lay down his own life or the lives of those dearest to him in
submission to God's command. Muslims commemorate this ultimate act of
sacrifice every year during Eid al-Adha.